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Mechanical soil disturbance also includes soil compactionthrough wheel impact of machinery, especially important in large-scalemechanized agriculture, e.g. plantations (sugar cane) or biannual crops(cotton). In a zero-tillage farming system, consideration must be given toreducing both the random placement of tyres/wheels in fields as well as thepotential for compaction from animal hooves. Pietola, Horn and Yli-Halla (2003)reported the destructive effect of cattle trampling on the soil structure.Proffitt, Bendotti and McGarry (1995) demonstrated the almost total loss of soilporosity in the soil surface as a result of trampling by sheep. There is abelief that draught animals cause less land degradation than tractors. However,there are reports of soil compaction on smallholder farming enterprises in bothMalawi (Douglas et al., 1999) and Bangladesh (Brammer, 2000). The hoovesof draught animals and the shearing effect of ploughs or hand hoes, which areused repeatedly at a constant depth, can cause severe compacted layers. Grazinganimals should be removed from zero-till fields in moist-wet soil conditions asthe compaction risk is greatest at these times. 2b1af7f3a8