Id Photo Processor Crack Cocaine [UPDATED]
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Cocaine is a natural product extracted from the leaves of Erythroxylon coca Lam (coca leaves). This tropical shrub is cultivated widely on the Andean ridge in South America and is the only known natural source of cocaine. Normally produced as the hydrochloride salt, it has limited medical use as a topical anaesthetic. The free base, sometimes known as crack, is a smokable form of cocaine. Coca leaves have been used as a stimulant by some indigenous people of South America since historical times. Purified cocaine has been misused as a central nervous system (CNS) stimulant since the early years of the twentieth century. Cocaine is under international control.
Due to its addictive nature, nearly 800,000 Americans aged 12 and over had used crack in 2019, and 1 million Americans aged 12 and over struggled with a cocaine use (including crack cocaine) disorder.3
While powder cocaine and crack are similar forms of the same drug, they can affect a person differently because of how they are made and their methods of use.1 Cocaine and crack cocaine are both derived from the coca plant, but they are processed differently and come in different formations. Crack is created by processing cocaine and mixing it with baking soda into a smokable form that rapidly delivers an intense, euphoric high. Crack is an impure form of cocaine and is often sold on the streets much cheaper than pure cocaine, while still delivering an intense high.1,4
Over time, the effects of crack cocaine can become blunted, with a person requiring more of the drug in order to feel the same euphoric high. When an individual uses larger amounts of a drug to produce the same high, they are becoming tolerant to it, meaning that their brain and body have become desensitized to the drug of abuse.7,8,9
Stimulants such as cocaine initially cause a rush of euphoria, increased energy, an increased sense of alertness, talkativeness, and a sense of grandiosity.2,8 There are a range of physical and mental health effects associated with short-term and long-term crack cocaine use, including:2,6,8,10
While the majority of these symptoms can be very uncomfortable, they are unlikely to cause physical harm. It is important to know that you can receive professional addiction treatment to help ease withdrawal side effects and prevent future relapses.13 Common crack cocaine withdrawal symptoms include:6,7,11,12,13,14
There are no medications approved to specifically manage crack cocaine withdrawal symptoms and, as a result, detoxification is focused on promoting relaxation, hydration, and nutrition in a supportive setting. Antidepressants and antipsychotic medications may be prescribed to manage symptoms of depression and psychotic symptoms.13,14
Contingency Management (CM) is a type of behavioral therapy that rewards positive, desirable behaviors such as staying sober and attending treatment.9,12 Small prizes or access to privileges are given out when you engage in recovery-focused behaviors and activities, and they often increase as you consistently remain sober and attend treatment without missing sessions.9 This evidence-based technique promotes sobriety and recovery from stimulants such as crack cocaine.9,12
Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is a commonly used behavioral therapy for the treatment of various forms of substance use disorders, including addiction to crack cocaine.9,12 The goal of CBT is to prevent relapse so that you can maintain sobriety.9 This is accomplished by:9,12
If you or a loved one is struggling with addiction to crack cocaine or other substances, American Addiction Centers (AAC) is here to help you find treatment. We offer a free, confidential helpline you can reach 24/7. You can contact us at {"props":{"scalar":"","helpline":"true"},"children":""}. Call today to speak with a caring admissions navigator who will provide information about detox programs and other addiction treatment options, help you quickly verify your health insurance benefits, and answer any questions you may have. Recovery is possible. Let us help you get started today.
Crack cocaine is a form of cocaine that is made into a rock-like form and gets its name from the crackling sound when it is heated then smoked.1 Crack cocaine is an extremely powerful and addictive stimulant that many people take because it is cheaper than pure powder cocaine and is a fast-acting substance that produces feelings of intense pleasure or euphoria.1, 3
With repeated and chronic use over time, the body may build up a tolerance, resulting in the need for a higher amount of crack cocaine to obtain the same high.2 This repeated use can lead to short- and long-term effects, which can be dangerous and potentially increase the likelihood of an overdose.1, 2
Smoking crack cocaine results in very rapid absorption into the bloodstream, which leads to its effects being felt almost instantly. These instant effects are short-lived, lasting for only 5 to 10 minutes, and then wear off quickly. This can lead people into a cycle of binge use to maintain the high.1, 3
As people continue using crack cocaine, their brains can adapt and become less sensitive to the drug, resulting in a higher tolerance. This tolerance can lead people to use crack more frequently and in larger doses, so they can feel the same euphoric effects.1, 2
As crack cocaine changes the brain over time, people may become less able to identify the negative consequences related to its misuse and as a result, experience poor decision making, which may contribute to the development of addiction.4
People who use crack cocaine and then stop or decrease their use, are at an increased risk for experiencing withdrawal symptoms. Physical dependence is when your body is used to the drug to the point it undergoes withdrawal syndromes when the drug is stopped or reduced. These symptoms can range from mild to severe and last for a few days to even months.1
Unlike the withdrawal syndromes of some other substances like alcohol, benzodiazepines, or opioids, crack cocaine withdrawal is not typically associated with severe, dangerous, or life-threatening withdrawal symptoms. Withdrawal symptoms may include:1, 8
Overdose and overdose deaths are risk factors associated with crack cocaine misuse.1 The total number of cocaine overdose deaths rose from 5,419 in 2014 to 19,447 in 2019, making it even more important to prevent crack cocaine misuse.11
A person who has developed a tolerance (needing more crack to produce effects) to crack cocaine may be at higher risk of an overdose.9 Combining crack cocaine with other substances may also increase the risk of overdose and other adverse health effects.1, 8
Choosing to get treatment for crack cocaine addiction is a brave first step toward a healthier lifestyle. Unlike other substances, there are not any FDA-approved medications to specifically treat stimulant use disorder.1 However medications may be used to help treat some of the general symptoms of withdrawal.
The issue was that when cocaine was sold, it was cut with around 45 percent filler. This could be anything from icing sugar to other drugs. Crack cocaine could be obtained for the same price at purities of around 80 percent. People used to taking cocaine would take an equivalent amount of crack and overdose, and hospital admissions due to cocaine overdose doubled in a year.
\n\nPalamar, J.J., Davies, S., Ompad, D.C., Cleland, C.M., & Weitzman, M. (2015, April 1). Powder cocaine and crack use in the United States: An examination of risk for arrest and socioeconomic disparities in use. Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 149, 108-116.\nKiluk, B.D., Babuscio, T.A., Nich, C., & Carroll, K.M. (2014, December 1). Smokers versus snorters: Do treatment outcomes differ according to route of cocaine administration? Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology. 21(6), 490-498.\nPerrenoud, L.O., Oikawa, K.F., Williams, A.V., Laranjeira, R., Fischer, B., Strang, J., & Ribeiro, M. (2021, April 23). Factors associated with crack-cocaine early initiation: a Brazilian multicenter study. BMC Public Health. 21, 781.\nNational Institute on Drug Abuse. (2021, April 8). Cocaine DrugFacts.\nNational Institute on Drug Abuse. (2016, May). Cocaine research report.\nVidyasankar, G., Souza, C., Lai, C., & Mulpuru, S. (2015, March). A severe complication of crack cocaine use. Canadian Respiratory Journal. 22(2), 77-79.\n\n\n"}
In the U.S., crack cocaine refers to a smokable variety of cocaine which is considered to be more affordable and accessible than powder cocaine [1]. In the 1980s and 90 s, the U.S. response to crack cocaine was driven by media depictions of an urban, public health crisis primarily affecting black communities in American cities. This media depiction drove U.S. drug policy and shaped both political debate and public attitude towards crack cocaine [1, 2]. The subsequent influx of drug education messages, public service announcements, and curriculums that were created in response to crack cocaine were pervaded by the public and political fear that crack cocaine was destroying a generation of young Americans [3]. The U.S. government response at this time focused on managing the perceived crack cocaine epidemic by criminalizing rather than providing treatment facilities or healthcare services for people who use crack cocaine. In fact, the 1988 National Household Survey on Drug Abuse showed that the sharpest rise in cocaine and crack cocaine use since the inception of the survey in the early 1970s, rapidly outpaced the availability of treatment programs and efforts to expand treatment facilities in metropolitan areas such as New York City [4].
The French approach to crack cocaine shares commonalities and differences with the U.S. In France, crack cocaine is mostly smoked but more recently is also being injected intravenously and the spike of increased crack cocaine use in France did not occur until the 2000s [5, 6]. French political and media attention towards crack cocaine has also recently increased due to the presence of visible, open drug use in Paris framing the topic as a public order, health, and social problem. This attention stems from crack cocaine in France having increasing associations with socially and economically vulnerable populations when compared to powder cocaine use patterns [6]. Unlike the U.S., the aggregation of racial data is prohibited in France. And as a result, the French understanding of the current rise in crack cocaine use does not clearly analyze the issue along racial lines but rather considers low socioeconomic populations to be drivers of the recent increase in crack cocaine use [5]. Since the late 1970s, in addition to a repressive drug policy approach, France has implemented a strong, publicly funded drug treatment system with harm reduction services to better address the health needs of people who use drugs [7]. Accordingly, France is systematically more equipped to serve the healthcare needs of people who problematically use crack cocaine compared to the U.S. [5, 6]. 2b1af7f3a8