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The building was composed of four distinct sections. The original 10-story Singer Building at 149 Broadway was erected between 1897 and 1898, and the adjoining 14-story Bourne Building on Liberty Street was built from 1898 to 1899. In the first decade of the 20th century, the two buildings were expanded to form the 14-story base of the Singer Tower, which rose another 27 stories. The facade was made of brick, stone, and terracotta. A dome with a lantern capped the tower. The foundation of the tower was excavated using caissons; the building's base rested on shallower foundations. The Singer Building used a steel skeleton, though load-bearing walls initially supported the original structure before modification. When completed, the 41-story building had a marble-clad entrance lobby, 16 elevators, 410,000 square feet (38,000 m2) of office space, and an observation deck.
The base of the building filled the entire lot. It was composed of the 10-story original structure (later expanded to 14 stories) and the 14-story annex known as the Bourne Building.[4] The original Singer Building, on the southeastern portion of the lot, had a frontage of 58 feet (18 m) on Broadway and 110 feet (34 m) on Liberty Street. The Bourne Building, on the southwestern portion, was 58 feet deep and had a frontage of approximately 75 feet (23 m) on Liberty Street.[21] From 1906 to 1907, the original Singer Building was extended northward and the Bourne Building was extended westward.[22] The original Singer and Bourne buildings were about 200 feet (61 m) tall.[23]
The original Singer Building was faced with stone and brick. When it was built, the plans called for the lowest two stories to be clad with stone. The third story contained a balcony extending along both facades. The four following stories were faced with brick and contained windows with stone surrounds. The seventh story was clad with stone and had a balcony doubling as a cornice, while the facade on the eighth story was made of brick. The original top stories comprised a decorative copper-and-slate roof with dormers and stone chimneys. The main entrance was on Liberty Street and had sculptures and ornament.[36] The Bourne Building was faced with Indiana Limestone on its lowest two stories and red brick above.[37] The base had ironwork ornamentation in their mullions and window railings.[38]
As a result of the modifications, the first three stories were faced with rusticated North River bluestone.[6] Four stories were added between the seventh floor and the three-story roof during that time, and the Broadway facade was expanded from two bays to five.[2][40] With the modifications, the vertical bays were separated with vertical strips from the fourth to the 10th floors, with pediments above the sixth-floor windows. The 11th and 12th floors of the modified base consisted of two rows of small windows, with the 11th-floor windows spaced between brackets supporting a 12th-floor iron balcony. The top two stories contained dormer windows projecting from the mansard roof.[39] The sloped portions of the roof were clad with slate shingles, while glazed roof tiles covered the flat portion.[41]
Horizontal belt courses wrapped around the tower above the 17th, 18th, 23rd, 24th, 29th, and 30th stories, while there were terracotta balconies on each side at the 18th, 24th, and 30th stories.[6] Iron balconies also projected from the building at intervals of seven stories.[38][44] Near the top of the tower, the vertical stone bands on each side formed a tall arch evocative of the tower's dome.[47] On the 36th floor, an ornamental balcony cantilevered about 8.5 feet (2.6 m) outward on each side;[48] it was supported by brackets on the 35th floor.[23][41][49] Stone architraves surrounded the corner windows of the 36th and 37th stories, while ornate stone arches framed the center bays on the 36th through 38th stories. There were oval windows on each corner at the 38th floor. Above that level, a heavy stone cornice ran around the corners and above the arches.[41]
The top of the tower contained a 50-foot-tall (15 m) dome covering the top three stories,[6][48] capped by a lantern that measures 9 feet (2.7 m) across at its base[48] and stretches 63.75 feet (19 m) tall.[50] The dome's roof was made of slate, while the roof ornamentation, dormers, and lantern were made of copper sheeting.[47][51] In its final years, the dome's trapezoidal skylights were replaced with dormer windows.[41] The top of the lantern was 612 feet (187 m) above ground level, and a steel flagpole rose 62 feet (19 m) above the lantern, bringing the height of the Singer Tower to 674 feet (205 m) when measured from ground to tip.[38][52] The flagpole was actually 90 feet (27 m) long, but the base of the flagpole was embedded into the tower.[52] The entire exterior was lit at night by 1,600 incandescent lamps and thirty 18-inch (460 mm) projectors,[53] which were visible at distances of up to 20 miles (32 km).[27]
The 2nd through 13th floors contained offices flanking a \"T\"-shaped corridor facing away from the elevators.[77] The ceilings of these story were generally painted in white watercolor while the walls were light tan.[89] In addition, these stories contained oak trim, partitions, and decorative moldings.[19] The average story at the base contained 40 offices.[17]
The tower stories contained a \"U\"-shaped layout surrounding the elevators in the center of the building, with emergency stairs in the tower's core. In the Singer Building's tower, there were very few partitions, except for elevators and restrooms.[77][95] The average floor in the tower contained 16 offices.[17][23] On these stories, the ceilings were painted ivory,[89] the walls were olive green,[19][89] and the metal trim was painted to resemble wood grain.[19] The Singer Company's main offices, on the 33rd through 35th floors, had a plethora of ornamental plaster.[79]
During the late 19th century, New York City trailed Chicago in the development of early skyscrapers; New York had just four buildings over 16 stories tall in 1893, compared to twelve such buildings in Chicago.[107] Part of the delay was caused by New York City authorities, who until 1889 would not allow metal-frame construction techniques.[108] Skyscraper development in New York City changed in 1895 with the construction of the American Surety Building, a 20-story, 303-foot (92 m) development that broke Chicago's height record. From then on, New York thoroughly embraced skeleton frame construction.[109] The early years of the 20th century saw a range of technically sophisticated, architecturally confident skyscrapers built in New York; academics Sarah Landau and Carl Condit term this \"the first great age\" of skyscraper development.[110]
The Singer Manufacturing Company hired Ernest Flagg for the design of their new headquarters. Flagg filed plans for the new Singer Building at 149 Broadway in early 1897. They called for a 10-story stone-and-brick building with banking rooms on the lowest two stories, rental office space on six of the center stories, and the Singer Company's offices on the upper stories.[36][117] Construction began that year. While workers were excavating the site in June 1897, a water main burst and flooded the lot.[118] Despite this, the new Singer Building was completed in early 1898.[4][119]
Concurrently with the land acquisitions, Flagg was retained to design a second addition to the Singer Building in 1902. By early the next year, he was planning a building that would be the tallest in the world, with over 35 stories.[4] However, the Singer Manufacturing Company did not reveal specific details until February 1906, when it announced that it would build a 594-foot (181 m) tower, the world's tallest.[97][130] Revised plans were filed in July 1906, which provided for a more wind-resistant structure.[131] The company intended to occupy the space above the 31st floor and planned to rent out the bottom section of the tower to tenants to subsidize their use of the upper floors.[4] The Singer Company projected that it would earn $250,000 in rent per year, given a baseline rental cost of $3 per square foot ($32/m2).[132] Engineers were hired to create the construction plans as soon as the architect's plans and specifications were published.[133]
The superstructure was constructed afterward. A temporary elevator was installed while the tower's superstructure was being erected.[136] During the construction process, city building inspectors alleged the builders had violated city law by installing concrete flooring instead of hollow-tile floors. As a result, the builders were ordered to replace some non-compliant arches.[137] By August 1907, the steel frame had reached 36 stories, surpassing the Washington Monument's height.[138] That month, Prince Wilhelm of Sweden visited the 29th floor to see the construction process.[139] On October 4, 1907, the building topped out with the hoisting of the flagpole.[140][141] After the building topped out, the interiors were furnished and plastered.[79] Despite high winds, there were no serious accidents during construction.[14] There was a small fire on the 40th floor in February 1908, which the Los Angeles Times described at the time as \"the highest fire in any building in the world\".[142]
In late 1905, Flagg was hired to design a westward annex to the Bourne Building and a northward annex to the original Singer Building. The Bourne and Singer buildings were to be united internally, and the old Singer Building was to be expanded to 14 stories.[21] The top story of the Bourne Building would also be expanded so that it would cover the same area as the Bourne Building's lower floors.[143] Plans for the Bourne and Singer extensions were filed in late 1906 and early 1907, respectively.[135]
During the construction of the Singer Tower, the original Singer Building was shored up and additional foundations were built.[40][71][144] The top three stories of the old Singer Building, including the mansard roof, were temporarily taken apart in June 1907, so that four more stories could be inserted above the existing seventh story. As such, the old eighth story of the old Singer Building became the new 12th story. This added 15,600 square feet (1,450 m2) of usable space without disturbing tenants on the lower floors.[40][145] Several columns were erected at the old building's front and rear elevations, extending from the basement to the 11th floor to support the raised roof. Holes were created in the existing floors of the Singer Building so that they could be supported by steel columns instead of by the bearing walls.[54] The old Singer Building was extended north by 74 feet (23 m), the three extra bays on Broadway having the same style as the original two.[2] 153554b96e
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